Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges(i.e. 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and 0.2 μm) for a purple soil(Entisol) and a yellow soil(Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction.We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles( 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles( 0.2 μm). Vermiculite,illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy.Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

Effects of aeration method and aeration rate on greenhouse gas emissions during composting of pig feces in pilot scale

The aim of this study was to uncover ways to mitigate greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and reduce energy consumption during the composting process. We assessed the effects of different aeration rates(0, 0.18, 0.36, and 0.54 L/(kg dry matter(dm)·min)) and methods(continuous and intermittent) on GHG emissions. Pig feces and corn stalks were mixed at a ratio of 7:1. The composting process lasted for 10 weeks, and the compost was turned approximately every 2 weeks. Results showed that both aeration rate and method significantly affected GHG emissions. Higher aeration rates increased NH3 and N2O losses,but reduced CH4 emissions. The exception is that the CH4 emission of the passive aeration treatment was lower than that of the low aeration rate treatment. Without forced aeration,the CH4 diffusion rates in the center of the piles were very low and part of the CH4 was oxidized in the surface layer. Intermittent aeration reduced NH3 and CH4 losses, but significantly increased N2 O production during the maturing periods. Intermittent aeration increased the nitrification/denitrification alternation and thus enhanced the N2 O production. Forced aeration treatments had higher GHG emission rates than the passive aeration treatment. Forced aeration accelerated the maturing process, but could not improve the quality of the end product. Compared with continuous aeration, intermittent aeration could increase the O2 supply efficiency and reduced the total GHG emission by 17.8%, and this reduction increased to 47.4% when composting was ended after 36 days.     

Enhanced U(Ⅵ) bioreduction by alginate-immobilized uranium-reducing bacteria in the presence of carbon nanotubes and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate

Uranium-reducing bacteria were immobilized with sodium alginate, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate(AQDS), and carbon nanotubes(CNTs). The effects of different AQDS-CNTs contents, U(Ⅳ) concentrations, and metal ions on U(Ⅳ) reduction by immobilized beads were examined. Over 97.5% U(Ⅵ)(20 mg/L) was removed in 8 hr when the beads were added to 0.7% AQDS-CNTs, which was higher than that without AQDS-CNTs. This result may be attributed to the enhanced electron transfer by AQDS and CNTs. The reduction of U(Ⅵ) occurred at initial U(Ⅵ) concentrations of 10 to 100 mg/L and increased with increasing AQDS-CNT content from 0.1% to 1%. The presence of Fe(Ⅲ), Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ)slightly increased U(Ⅵ) reduction, whereas Cr(Ⅵ), Ni(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ), and Zn(Ⅱ) significantly inhibited U(Ⅵ) reduction. After eight successive incubation-washing cycles or 8 hr of retention time(HRT) for 48 hr of continuous operation, the removal efficiency of uranium was above 90% and 92%, respectively. The results indicate that the AQDS-CNT/AL/cell beads are suitable for the treatment of uranium-containing wastewaters.     

放射源在线监控管理系统的应用探讨

为进一步强化放射源全程动态管理,提升核与辐射科学监管水平,放射源在线监控管理系统被作为一种有效手段得以广泛应用。以扬州市为例,介绍了该系统构成和功能要求,从科学化、实用化方向对系统在实际应用中存在的突出问题逐一分析并提出了"一企一策,多措并举"的解决办法。事实验证放射源在线监控管理系统的应用必须结合企业实际情况和监管实际要求不断改进,才能提升核与辐射环境监管工作的信息化水平,加强辐射污染事件的快速反应能力,有效降低放射源丢失、盗窃事故的发生率。     

河北省大气污染状况分析及对策研究

不利的地理气象条件,产业、能源结构不合理,汽车尾气超标排放,城市扬尘严重,法规不健全及群众环保意识薄弱导致了河北省连续出现大范围、重污染、持续时间长的雾霾天气。为此,河北省采取了削减煤炭消费、产业结构转型升级、控制机动车污染、加强区域联防联控等治理措施。目前河北省治污仍面临着结构调整、经济方式转变历时长,资金和环境科技支撑能力不足,人员安置难等困难,建议通过实施京津冀生态文明建设一体化规划,借鉴欧美发达国家的先进经验,争取更多资源和资金支持来进一步提升治理效果。     

Recent advances in selective catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide (NO-SCO) in emissions with excess oxygen: a review on catalysts and mechanisms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nitric oxides (NOx, which mainly include more than 90% NO) are one of the major air pollutants leading to a series of environmental problems, such as...     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定地表水中钒的方法探讨

钒具有生物活性,是人体所必需的微量元素之一。天然水中钒的含量很低,浓度大约为1-10μg/L。钒作为第一类污染物,上海市污水综合排放标准中对含钒污水的排放限值为2．0mg／L。文章探讨了用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中钒的方法,具有灵敏度高、干扰少、重现性好、操作简便快捷、使用设备和试剂简单等优点。其方法检出限为0．002mg／L,RSD为1．4％,加标回收率在94．2％-103．0％,适用于地表水中痕量钒的测定。     

乌昌地区大气污染成因分析及应对措施研究

通过介绍乌昌地区概况,结合地区大气污染环境质量现状,从多角度对地区大气污染成因进行分析,结果表明乌昌地区大气污染主要受地形地貌、气象条件、产业结构及能源利用方式不合理、城市规划及基础设施建设落后、行政管理职权划分不明确等因素影响。在此基础上提出针对产业结构、能源结构、采暖模式、城市道路规划、重点企业综合治理、生态建设及环境管理体系等多方面应对措施,以期形成以政府为主导,企业为主体,全社会共同参与的环境保护体系,为政府部门环境保护工作提供参考建议。     

人工湿地技术在生活污水处理中的应用研究

随着人们对自然生态环境和居住环境要求的提高,既可与景观和为一体又可以进行污水再生的人工湿地技术近年来越来越受到社会关注。人工实际具有建设投资少、运行成本低、维护管理简便等优点,适合在住区、小城镇中发展。本文通过介绍人工湿地工艺原理和对实际工程的调研,展望了人工湿地技术在生活污水处理中的应用前景。     

兴化市大气环境现状及防治对策研究

兴化市的大气环境面临着十分严峻的形势.在分析兴化市大气环境现状的基础上,总结出兴化市大气主要污染物的种类,它们主要是细颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、臭氧、二氧化硫;这些大气污染源主要包括能源消耗、工业废气、机动车尾气、生活及农业废气,这些废气对环境带来了严重的干扰,并且有针对性的提出了控制大气污染的对策建议.具体措施包括优化能源结构、整治污染源、治理机动车和扬尘污染、加强秸秆禁烧工作,达到防治与综合利用的并举.